Dulce est Decrum est Essay Example For Students

Dulce est Decrum est Essay INTRODUCTIONIn the sonnet, Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen, the social atmosphere of the World War I time is reflected through the writers utilization of distinctive symbolism and beautiful methods. The sonnet itself presents an unpolished impression of the world through its connecting of thoughts and language in its content. The sonnet tends to the misrepresentation, that war is radiant, that it is respectable, it portrays the genuine frightfulness and waste that is war, with the point of changing the manner by which society contemplates struggle. THE POEMS MEANING TO METhe sonnet encapsulates the purposelessness and pointlessness of war. In addition to the fact that war is a stunning misuse of life, yet it is at last primitive and trivial go about as World War I so frightfully exhibited to the world forces. The realistic repulsiveness of war is introduced through a progression of pictures which are intended to crush the thought of war being an enthusiastic and significant expe rience. The one especially clear picture that got to me was that of the solitary officer who doesnt attach his veil sufficiently quick and experiences the full impacts of destructive gas: In everything I could ever hope for, before my defenseless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, gagging, suffocating. And afterward: If you could hear at each shock, the blood Come swishing from the foam adulterated lungs, Obscene as disease, severe as the cud Of awful, hopeless bruises on blameless tongues. Owen creates two incredible pictures planned for demoralizing the minor idea of war by its sincerely upsetting portrayals. The manner by which Owen moved the pictures from a general idea to individual delineation by tending to the peruser legitimately, If you could hear demonstrated that I should put myself in this circumstance, and summon the setting and all the related feelings in my brain as I were in truth seeing this occasion direct. Maybe to feel the feelings as Owen would himself. The art ist helps this by absolutely portraying the environmental factors and empowering especially vile and dull feelings to surface. The clear analogies: vulgar as disease, unpleasant as the cud, urge a nauseating response to the idea of effectively captivating in fight. The possibility of malignancy speaks to the terminal outcomes and conclusion of war. Owen proposes that men who are sent to battle are being sent to their demise; something as unavoidable as death from malignant growth. The moderate and excruciating demise related with malignant growth is compared to biting the dust on the front line where the individuals who arent executed in a flash are left to endure appallingly. Much the same as Owens gassed warrior. The worthlessness of war is appeared in the initial segment of the sonnet where we see the warriors, exhausted and injured, coming back to base camp when a gas assault is propelled on them: Men walked sleeping. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went faltering; all visually impaired; Drunk with weariness; hard of hearing even to the hoots Gas! Gas! Fast young men! The gradual development of time felt while perusing the start of this concentrate is because of the stifled and unsettling disposition of the officers. The arrangement of words straightforwardly mirrors the exhaustion felt by the tired young men. The picture of them walking gradually, wicked and alcoholic, brings out comparative sentiments of sluggishness in the peruser which are immediately hindered by Gas! Gas! Brisk young men!. These last not many expressions of the section appear to be however one of the officers is stating them, despite the fact that it is the persona attempting to impart a message of circumspection to the fighters and simultaneously fortify the truth of these occasions to the peruser. As a peruser I feel the overall quietness of the mens calm demeanor being immediately hindered by these noisy words. A difference is set up. This picture, and the one of the solitary fighter kicking the bucket stirs the brains of the individuals who read the sonnet to the truth of war just like a frighteningly tragic route for youngsters to bite the dust, and that philosophy of enthusiasm and respect is the reason for such nauseating situation. Owen is, adequately, putting the fault of the wars outcomes solidly on the shoulders of the general public that underpins it. LANGUAGE AND TECHNIQUESThe language in this sonnet is very basic yet distinctive, urging the peruser to comprehend the circumstance and to be genuinely stirred all the while. Specifically, Owen needs to bring home the real factors of war to the boffins just as the moderately shielded open. By his utilization of straightforward language, Owen defeats the social hindrances of class and training that existed at that point. In this manner he permits the message to reach and be comprehended by an enormous cross area of the general population. By his utilization of these distinctive, enlightening pictures, Owen permits the individuals who arent used to dissecting writing top to bottom to obviously distinguish the focal enemy of war topics of the sonnet, and to recognize that war is a trivial misuse of life. This is particularly significant for the British society of the time who by and large saw war as an energetic and a chivalrous discussion to show national solidarity and pride. Owen brings these general originations onto an amazingly close to home level. .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc , .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc .postImageUrl , .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc , .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc:hover , .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc:visited , .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc:active { border:0!important; } .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc:active , .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } . u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u18a61c471984fafc54 e245de562875bc .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u18a61c471984fafc54e245de562875bc:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Justifications in Paradise Lost Essay There are numerous wonderful procedures utilized by Owen which empower and bolster the principle challenge to the regular mentalities of the time. He utilizes likenesses, for example, Bent twofold, similar to old poor people under sacks, and, indecent as disease, harsh as the cud, to acclimate the circumstance to the peruser and to concentrate on the unpleasant truth of war. These comparisons rearrange the topic of his sonnet without diminishing its impact, and make the sonnet more obvious. This mirrors the perspectives on the World War I society where there was a requirement for such enemy of war messages, particularly when there were individuals put in high social classes who bolstered the war. The similar sounding word usage of the letter s, for example, in tired of transgression likewise functions admirably to this enemy of war message as the s sound is normally recognized to covertness and malignance. The hyphen joining compound designations thump kneed and blood-shod, where we again observe the utilization of similar sounding word usage, depict the state of being of the officers rapidly and viably, and permitting the peruser to effectively picture the warriors in their brain. These methods cooperate to effortlessly introduce the topics to the general population in a reasonable manner. The realistic ghastliness of war is introduced through a progression of pictures which are intended to annihilate the thought of war being an energetic and important experience. One especially distinctive picture is that of the solitary trooper who doesnt secure his veil sufficiently quick and experiences the impacts of the savage gas: In everything I could ever hope for, before my vulnerable sight, He plunges at me, guttering, stifling, suffocating. And afterward: If you could hear at each shock, the blood Come swishing from the foam ruined lungs, Obscene as malignancy, severe as the cud Of despicable, hopeless wounds on blameless tongues. These two pictures capably debilitate the insignificant idea of war by unnerving the peruser through genuinely startling portrayals. Owen moves the pictures from a general idea to individual representation by tending to the peruser legitimately through saying, If you could hear. Presently, it is demonstrated to the peruser that they should put the mselves in this circumstance, and bring out the setting and all related feelings in their brain that an individual seeing this occasion would feel, maybe like Owen himself. The writer helps by unequivocally portraying the environmental factors and urging especially dim emotions to emerge. The striking comparisons: indecent as disease, harsh as the cud, urge a nauseating response to the thought of effectively captivating in fight. The possibility of disease speaks to the terminal outcomes or the certainty of war. Owen recommends that men who are sent to battle are being sent to their demise; something as inescapable as death from malignant growth. The

Sustainability in Entrepreneurship, Innovation

Talk about the connection between business, advancement and monetary turn of events. What job does supportability play in this relationship? Allude to both hypothesis and models from the business world to help your conversation. In today’s economy, business is a significant subject and pioneering capacities have become a crucial prerequisite both broadly and all around. Nonetheless, ventures that succeed for the most part do as such as they are equipped for improve, through development. So for an endeavor to be fruitful development is required.Creativity and advancement is at the core of the 21st century. For instance in the United States alone, in excess of 16,000 firms work their own examination labs! These fruitful ventures and their progressions in advancement thus lead to a country’s monetary turn of events. Financial improvement has become a focal point of consideration by governments around the globe. As the UK Office of Science and Technology (2007) put it, â₠¬Å"Innovation is the engine of the advanced economy.. † Thus there is no uncertainty that an association between business, advancement and monetary improvement prevails.The three elements are corresponding in light of the fact that development helps any type of enterprise to thrive, along these lines expanding its financial worth, in this way adding to monetary turn of events. This paper will look at this relationship of business enterprise, advancement and financial turn of events, and investigate the degree of its association. To start, it will characterize these terms, and afterward associate them as needs be, utilizing monetary writing and genuine models for proof. Furthermore, the paper will take a gander at what supportability is, types f manageable advancement, regardless of whether it’s a danger or open door for undertakings, and its impact on monetary development.The term business enterprise can take various definitions. Basically, enterprise is the demonstrati on of a business person, and that is somebody who expect the hazard for and arranges a business venture. Business analyst Richard Cantillon first utilized the term enterprise in quite a while book Essai Sur La Nature de Commerce en General (1959) where he clarifies that a business person is one who purchases things at a lower cost, and sells them at a more significant expense, undertaking the hazard factor. All the more as of late, Joseph Shumpeter gave a careful portrayal, where he separated enterprise to two sorts: distributing and catalytic.Further, Shumpeter (1934) worried on the significance of a business visionary to be imaginative, â€Å"Whatever the sort, everybody is a business person just when he really does another blends and loses that character when he has developed his business†. This leads into the association of enterprise with advancement. Mintzberg (1983) characterized advancement as â€Å"the intends to split away from built up designs. † Innovation is the production of something new; and in the business world, it would be for moneymaking advantage. As indicated by Shumpeter, it very well may be the making of another item, opening another market thus on.Thus, it tends to be expressed that advancement is required for an endeavor to succeed, so is a factor adding to the procedure of enterprise. Development can take two structures, gradual or radical. An extreme development can be expressed as a â€Å"gap-filler† as financial expert Harvey Leibenstein (1968) put it, which is a novel creation that fills a â€Å"gap† in the market. Radical advancement is an essential for monetary improvement as the issue is missing markets is illuminated. There we see the association of advancement with monetary development.Economic improvement can be characterized as a positive advancement in an economy, ordinarily through government uses to advance the prosperity of the economy and society overall. It very well may be estimated by co nsidering a country’s way of life, financial wellbeing, natural manageability and different components. As indicated by Harvey Leibenstein in his book The American Economic Review (1968 p77), there is no all around acknowledged hypothesis of financial turn of events, yet there are two significant components that add to improvement, one of which is the â€Å"Interaction between the production of monetary limit and the related formation of interest [.. The business person is most likely the main player of the ‘capacity creation’ part of these components of the development procedure. † likewise, as said in the Hamilton Project (2012), â€Å"Innovation has changed the American economy through the improvement of cars and roadways, planes, media communications, and the web, all of which have made it logically simpler for organizations to showcase their items.. † which therefore, help the business undertakings. Along these lines, it is verifiable that ther e is solid association between business enterprise, advancement and conomic improvement, as has been expressed in writing on numerous occasions. It can likewise be demonstrated with the utilization of genuine models, for example in the product business, which today is comprehensively worth $489 billion. Microsoft, â€Å"the overall pioneer in programming technology†, an advancement established by Bill Gates, had an income of $28. 37 billion in the year 2002, and utilized in excess of 50,000 representatives in 78 nations as said in Andriopoulos and Dawson’s, Managing Change, Creativity and Innovation Textbook (2009 p94).Microsoft’s programming is a case of a gradual advancement, and a fruitful endeavor, which along these lines turned into a significant supporter of USA’s financial turn of events. A case of an extreme advancement that significantly added to monetary improvement was Henry Fords basic development of the mechanical production system strategy f or creation in the 1920’s. Its application to the creation of Ford vehicles diminished an opportunity to deliver the Model T Ford by 68%, in this manner expanding proficiency, and decreasing its expense by 62%, in this manner expanding the interest for the car.This an outcome expanded work in America, expanded travel around the nation, helped all organizations lessen costs, and increased the expectation of living of the white collar class American family who could now manage the cost of a vehicle, which had once been an extravagance. Every one of these components added to of monetary improvement of the US economy, which was blasting at that point. In this manner, it very well may be solidly expressed that a solid association between business enterprise, advancement and monetary improvement does exist, and that they are in many cases co-occurring.A change in one can affect the other; in any case, they are not needy upon on another. For instance, monetary create has different c omponents adding to it, beside enterprising increase. Besides, I accept that business enterprises can prevail without advancement. This is the place I can't help contradicting Schumpeter’s hypothesis of Creative Destruction. In this, Shumpeter claims that a business visionary needs to plan something novel for be effective, anyway in universe of business there have been occurrences that demonstrate his hypothesis wrong.For model, in the 1990s’s, a group of business visionaries from the US executed a lot of multi screen films in Mexico City called Cinemax, which was a notable and built up plan of action in the US. This was exceptionally effective in Mexico City, and the chain of films was sold for $300 million ten years after the fact. This is extremely pioneering, however not creative. Along these lines I accept that while advancement and enterprise go connected at the hip, a business visionary doesn't really should be inventive in his/her deduction to be successful.Hen ce, I concur with Schumpeter’s hypothesis just to a degree, in that they are emphatically related, yet can't help contradicting the way that a business enterprise must be novel so as to be effective and add to monetary turn of events. Practically all economies today are developing quickly, China and India for instance. In spite of the fact that this is an essential target all things considered, governments and other ecologically inviting associations are unquestionably increasingly worried on guaranteeing that this advancement happens without unnecessary harm to the environment.The point is to guarantee human needs are met; yet additionally moderated for the necessities of things to come ages, and thus monitoring nature. This is otherwise called supportable turn of events. As per the Brundtland report (1987), maintainable advancement is â€Å"Development that addresses the issues of the present without trading off the capacity of people in the future to address their own iss ues. † Sustainability can take numerous structures, including financial, social and ecological. This article will take a gander at maintainability in the financial shape and comprehend manageability from the business purpose of view.The usage of government guidelines, for example, UK’s DEFRA, which take a gander at moderating and ensuring the earth, and fine or decry organizations that don't, may at first appear as an issue for some organizations. Be that as it may, in reality, in can support the organizations and even be an open door for advancement. The should be reasonable has made naturally well disposed developments, an inside driver of manageability, boosting monetary development as needs be. Maintainability in business urges undertakings to eliminate its expenses and produce more with less. Organizations today diminish, reuse and reusing waste material.In expansion, it gives route for creation of ecologically agreeable items, for example, the Panasonic’s R hythm eShower for water protection and Toyota’s innovation of the Prius, an electric vehicle, which would thusly lessen fuel utilization. Toyota even won the title of â€Å"Best Global Green Brands 2012† (BusinessWeek, 2012) for the second time in succession. Further, it has brought about the creation of sustainable power source techniques, for example, sun based photovoltaic cells and flowing stream generators, another industry in the market. English organization, Lunar Energy has chosen to fabricate the universes first flowing vitality ranch remote ocean,

The Person I Most Admire free essay sample

At whatever point individuals would ask, â€Å"Who did you turn upward to,† I was never positive who precisely it was. Growing up I generally admired somebody, regardless of whether it’s an entertainer, artist, or an anecdotal character, for example, Johnny Depp, Demi Lovato, or Cinderella. Today, on the off chance that somebody asked who I respect, I would answer my mom in light of the fact that she’s my saint, thinks about her family, and instructed me all that I know. In spite of the fact that, I despite everything love my Disney princess motion pictures, Cinderella, Snow White, and bounty more, at whatever point I’m with my mom she causes me to feel like her little princess. I envisioned her as my perfect suitor, saving me from a pinnacle where a mythical beast protected. She’s the shoulder I incline toward when I’m discouraged, the individual who holds the way in to my heart, she’s everything. To begin with, the individual I worship the most is my mom on the grounds that she’s my saint. We will compose a custom article test on The Person I Most Admire or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page At the point when I was growing up my ideal image of a legend was in the motion pictures and normally Superman, Wonder lady, or Captain America, however everyone let me know â€Å"Those saints don’t exit. † Nonetheless, they do exist and I make them live in my home called mother. She doesnt battle violations, however she’s my friend in need in light of the fact that she’s the individual I admire with regards to school, instruction, and being fruitful one day. My mother has amazingly completed her Bachelor’s Degree, and Master’s Degree, and she’s my motivation of attending a university and being fruitful. In addition to the fact that she encourages me to satisfy my future longs for instruction, yet in addition present dreams like playing b-ball. I value my mother for being my saint who had two children and still chose to set off for college and support me in my fantasies. Next, I treasure the manner in which my mom thinks about her family. My mother adores and secures her family, and some will even say, â€Å"My kids are an amazing delight. † Not just that, it’s a mothers obligation to keep a nearby eye of their family like a mom flying creature looks out for her eggs before they incubate. Now and again I feel like a little feathered creature inside a hard egg being ensured until it’s time for me to spread my wings and sore. She’s the person that was there when I was conceived, and from that point forward she protected me like a falcon. She accommodated me and my family by taking an additional activity. For example, when she was working for the County during the week, and afterward relinquished her ends of the week with her family to initiate a new position at Car Max (a spot that sells vehicles). Utilizing her strengthâ to be sufficiently able to help our family makes me love the manner in which she thinks about us much more. In conclusion, I esteem my mom since she encouraged me all that I know. Regardless of whether children like me notice or not, we are fundamentally the same as our folks, and I’m not just discussing our dazzling looks. Be that as it may, we talk, walk, and now and then even stable equivalent to our folks. Have you at any point sounded simply like your mom? When I stood upright and extremely legitimate like my mom and individuals at that point said we looked like sisters and sounded indistinguishable, obviously she taught me how to walk and talk. She additionally showed me how to state â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you,† and how to impart to my kin. For instance, when I was four years of age she showed me how to impart my red remote control vehicle to turning wheels with my sibling, Carlos. Despite what might be expected, I was self-fish and an imp that didnt need to share, however she tore it from my smaller than normal hands and offered it to my sibling at any rate. Today, I comprehend why she was brutal with me, and I treasure the affection and persistence it took to show me the things I know now. To finish up, each kid admires someone, likely when they were little it was superheroes and princess. Today, on the off chance that you were asked who you venerate, it may be an on-screen character or vocalist. Then again, I respect my mom in light of the fact that she’s my saint, care about her family, and instructed me all that I know. At times that individual may make you crazy, yet that’s most likely how they give you grace and love. Toward the day's end, I love my mom for mindful, accepting, and confiding in me. Without her accommodating help I’ll be lost and miserable like a straw pooch that lost his direction. So I’m fortunate to have somebody like my mom to appreciate, so who’s your most respected individual on the planet?

Talent Essay Samples - How To Use Talent Essay Samples To Prepare For the Career Test

<h1>Talent Essay Samples - How To Use Talent Essay Samples To Prepare For the Career Test</h1><p>If you are worn out on composing papers for school, you ought to consider investigating some ability article tests. Ability expositions are a priceless type of setting up your article for the profession test. They permit you to show what you think about a theme in a less proper manner. Here are a few hints for doing this.</p><p></p><p>You ought to never depend on a quest on the Internet for ability paper tests. There are numerous sites that give the data however some don't catch up with the correct wellsprings of data. Rather than depending on tests, you ought to go with things you find on the Internet.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to innovativeness, you should consider new ideas. Take a gander at some ability exposition tests that may support you, that might be short models. These example questions are accessible from differ ent sites that you may check out.</p><p></p><p>Look at ability exposition tests that you find on the Internet. While many might be free, some are accommodated an expense. This can be utilized related to the example question and there is an expense connected to it.</p><p></p><p>When looking for ability paper tests, you should look at the profiles of those giving the data. The creators ought to have a decent notoriety. Their life story ought to portray how they got keen regarding the matter, what data they realized while directing exploration, and in the event that they discovered their way to the degree they wanted.</p><p></p><p>Research the past understudies who were guided by the creator. These are acceptable authors too. See whether the writer helped them compose their resume or went to a vocation preparing seminar.</p><p></p><p>While utilizing ability paper tests is the most convention al approach to show your insight into a point, you should realize that you can likewise discover data on the Internet. It is progressively advantageous and is simpler to discover something for nothing. In any case, on the off chance that you have to pay for it, ensure you discover the source first.</p>

Research Paper Topics to Avoid

<h1>Research Paper Topics to Avoid</h1><p>If you need to do a geology inquire about paper, at that point it is a smart thought to realize the fitting subjects to utilize. You can pick a theme that won't be excessively specialized. Here are a few themes to maintain a strategic distance from on the off chance that you are not certain.</p><p></p><p>Topics about specific parts of topography ought to incorporate research papers on the accompanying points. Topography of Australia and Tasmania. It is imperative to comprehend the contrast between the two nations since they are very different.</p><p></p><p>The United States is isolated into five land territories. A few instances of these land regions are Alaska, Alaska and Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Pacific coast, and Rocky Mountains.</p><p></p><p>Geology is one territory that is very fascinating. A case of this is the mainland of Africa. There are thr ee significant mainlands in Africa and every one of these landmasses is separated into numerous littler locales. Topography examine paper themes incorporate research about, for example, the state of Africa, the atmosphere of Africa, the geographical arrangement of Africa, the material culture of Africa, and much more.</p><p></p><p>Another point that is very intriguing is the geology of Canada. A case of this is the geology of the eastern portion of Canada. A few instances of this geology incorporate such things as the topography of Toronto, New York, and Montreal. Geology explore paper points incorporate such research themes as the nearness of the Yukon Territory, the topography of Quebec, and the topography of the Ontario region.</p><p></p><p>Some other research paper subjects to stay away from are ones that incorporate maps and land highlights of a specific topographical region. For instance, geologists should take a gander at a regi on, for example, Yellowstone National Park if there is an exploration paper about geography. Some different points to abstain from including data about creature life and physical highlights of the earth.</p><p></p><p>Some other research paper subjects to keep away from incorporate ones that contain themes that spread just the human world, for example, the political and social parts of a particular land region. Instances of this would be an examination paper on wellbeing in the United States. A genuine case of this would be the subject of populace. Topography inquire about paper themes may incorporate research paper points on medical problems and social issues, however, so it is critical to realize what sort of research paper subjects to maintain a strategic distance from while setting up a decent research paper.</p><p></p><p>To be set up for the sort of research paper subjects that will be introduced, it is ideal to pick the correct su bject research paper theme to stay away from. At the point when you can do this, at that point you will have the option to get ready for the sort of research paper subjects that are proper for the kind of research paper that you will compose. This will assist you with working admirably on your exploration paper.</p>

What You Dont Know About Graduate School Entrance Essay Samples Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

<h1> What You Don't Know About Graduate School Entrance Essay Samples Could Be Costing to More Than You Think </h1> <p>Our scholars be certain you use your experience data making it very close to home to you. To ensure appropriate great institutional adequacy the school couldn't want anything more than to understand that the understudy has just begun to arrange in the best possible spots or they are least organized. Commonly schools find their specific specialty claims to a specific kind of understudy scanning for a specific program. </p> <p>Of course you need to have an application article to sparkle and, as an outcome, take your application to some other level. Albeit some alumni programs flexibly you with the opportunity to incorporate things like the information you pick in your passage exposition, different projects have a rundown of inquiries they might want you to reply in your very own announcement. Remember, a confirmation paper test might be a decent method to discover increasingly about the composing methodology and comprehend the undertaking better. While applying, you may encounter that the application methodology can be burdening. </p> <h2> The Ultimate Approach to Graduate School Entrance Essay Samples </h2> <p>Due to how the master's level college paper is a confounded work and the most testing part of the application technique, school affirmations flexibly the direction and guidelines for its candidates. On the off chance that, for example, an understudy couldn't imagine anything better than to be a specialist, the school can delineate how they're able to empower an understudy become a repairman. In this manner, numerous understudies and representatives choose to get minimal effort exposition as opposed to composing it themselves. Understudies that are gaining advanced education are expected to compose more assignments and articles to have the option to perform better with their general scho larly presentation. </p> <p>Individual schools at times need supplemental expositions. Exposition necessities will be not the same as school to class, however you're going to most likely be mentioned to compose 250750 words. </p> <h2>The Downside Risk of Graduate School Entrance Essay Samples </h2> <p>When you know the key themes that you should uncover in your paper, you ought to find how to sort out it. At the point when you purchase your exposition from us, you will get the greatest nature of composing. As one may take note of, a fabulous article can let you understand your fantasies, and the lousy paper can drive you to fall flat. Procedures for Writing Application Essays If you're completely allowed to make your application article on any subject, pick a theme that is perfect for you. </p> <p>It's significant that you consider the exposition a coordinated entire, substantially less an agenda of inquiries that you should reply. Your article must fuse a presentation, a body, and an end. Let EssayEdge assist you with making an application exposition which gets took note. Survey the brief altogether and plan your paper before you initiate writing to ensure that you make an exposition which will be a compelling and enticing extra to your application bundle. </p> <h2> Graduate School Entrance Essay Samples - Is it a Scam?</h2> <p>In expansion, your work must not be excessively long on the grounds that numerous candidates wish to incorporate as long as they can remember, yet not very short. Understudies have occupied existences and every now and again disregard a moving toward cutoff time. The experience confirmation prerequisite helps ensure that the understudy has the ability to do the calling that the school will be instructing. Confirmation R equirements Admission necessities can help in guaranteeing suitable arrangement between the school and conceivable understudy. </p> <h2> Choosing Graduate School Entrance Essay Samples</h2> <p>A graduate school confirmation exposition is a sort of work you can't do very well without some primer experience, and most of individuals don't get a decent arrangement of opportunities to work on doing it in their vocation. For schools to stand out from various schools they bring to the table something in a way that another school doesn't offer. At the point when a few schools may have explicit guidelines, some can give a smidgen more opportunity. Open secondary schools have their own special decent amount of issues and in the occasion the understudy isn't cautious, they could end up in an immense chaos. </p> <p>Informing potential understudies the manner in which the school and degree programs endeavor to achieve the potential understudies wants can accom plish quality. The school may demand your paper in a specific arrangement, for instance, which may mean you'll have to get the chance to see some unique programming bundles before you hand it in. A few schools ask you to likewise talk about for what good reason you're keen on their specific program, as a major aspect of the indistinguishable brief. Numerous schools may wish to give the well known and standard instruction courses to not free imminent understudies while at the very same time they should put accentuation on their unmistakable projects. </p> <h2>Top Choices of Graduate School Entrance Essay Samples </h2> <p>If you're looking for one-on-one assistance, look at EssayEdge.com. At the point when you might want a predominant confirmations exposition, it's more than justified, despite all the trouble to address the little cost we charge for the magnificent quality we'll convey to you. Such inquiries need profound contemplation for you to get to the cen ter of your tendency and impacts. Then again, you ought to talk about specific occasions that brought about your enthusiasm for the claim to fame. </p>

The True Story About James Joyce Ulysses Research Paper Topics That the Experts Dont Want You to Hear

<h1>The True Story About James Joyce Ulysses Research Paper Topics That the Experts Don't Want You to Hear </h1> <p>With having such particular foundations and interesting ways of life, Moore appeared to impact Joyce and his composition. Joyce put forth a generous attempt to liberate himself from all aspects of the past like, relatives, religion, and nation. Besides, he utilizes sentences from different dialects, for example, Irish and Hebrew. He felt that the restrictions set on believing was ludicrous and that individuals should think all alone, without the congregation revealing to you how to think. </p> <h2>The Pain of James Joyce Ulysses Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>Once you have a thought of what you might want to expound on, guarantee your theme is neither wide nor restricted. Looking into any issue about government or laws can get overpowering due to the multifaceted nature of the issues and even by virtue of the wording of certain laws. As an essayist, you should be extra mindful so as to not pick a subject that is excessively broad, thusly particularity is an unquestionable requirement. While picking a point, make certain not to utilize general or expansive subjects. </p> <p>Because it isn't just one book. Everyone realizes that composing is difficult. Be certain that the title isn't duplicated and legitimizes your exploration. Blue grass music is only one of the most notable sorts of music in the USA, with a major crowd that envelops all age ranges. </p> <p>Writing an examination paper without a layout is like driving a vehicle without realizing where you're going you can't where you will get the following second. Cognizance isn't a stream. Indicating mindfulness about ongoing changes in the subject you're composing on is exceptionally essential to win a magnificent evaluation. </p> <p>The capacity to think of an incredible research point is a critical ability. You ought to get what things to expound on with the goal that you may see how to channel your inquiring about concentration and furthermore remain applicable to the needs and desires for your crowd. At the point when you pick a particular theme, the underlying advance is to form into an expert in the territory. You've looked to a great extent to find an appropriate point for explore however the entirety of your endeavors have gone futile. </p> <p>So, you've understood that you're set up to create your exploration paper. Arranging an examination paper is certifiably not a straightforward undertaking. Now and again, respectable research paper themes are only the least demanding ones. Without a legitimate substance, they won't bode well. </p> <p>Writing an exploration paper requires a great deal of time, subsequently it is urgent to pick an examination paper point you will truly savor the experience of working with. Research papers are attempting, yet what's more they have the ability to be to some degree fulfilling. Composing research papers is a wearying strategy, and much more so in the event that you don't have a foreordained subject. World History Research Papers include a stunning measure of data. </p> <p>Apparently, you won't can make an exploration paper if adequate data in regards to the subject isn't accessible. Following your rich research, you may now proceed onward to drafting a blueprint alongside all the regions and significant data you may have run into. Insofar as it's itemized with important data concerning the subject picked, at that point it's viewed as an extraordinary research paper. There's an amount of ground-breaking research paper subjects for the most charming areas of examination. </p> <p>Before you start composing a solitary expression of your paper, you first should comprehend what your proposal will be. This paper comes at a reasonable time. You must form a useful exposition. Adhere to the connections in case you're keen on a history article or private exposition composing help accessible at ProfEssays.com.</p>

Nutrition Essay Topics to Use in Writing Your Essay

<h1>Nutrition Essay Topics to Use in Writing Your Essay</h1><p>When composing your nourishment article, you may want to include a touch of silliness. Once in a while it's the best way to help up the theme. Here are a few subjects that you may need to include.</p><p></p><p>Personal tributes: Are you perusing this since you need backing or you need a break? In any case, incorporate several individual tributes. Give as much data as possible without culpable your crowd. These tributes might be anything from your own encounters to a customer's story.</p><p></p><p>Your rivalry: You need to tell individuals what your identity is, your main thing, and why you ought to get an opportunity to succeed. Think about utilizing your rivals' tributes. In case you're rivaling an eating regimen organization, you can utilize similar tributes from an item manufacturer.</p><p></p><p>What is your body arrangement? In case you will expound on food or nourishment, why not start by discussing how solid you feel? In case you're attempting to construct muscle, there's no preferable spot to begin once again examining your current goals.</p><p></p><p>Any time you are looking at two nourishments, consistently talk about the distinctions. Continuously consider in the event that one food is better for your body creation. At long last, your eating regimen depends on reality with regards to your eating regimen, which prompts better generally speaking health.</p><p></p><p>Nutrition: The best an ideal opportunity to compose a sustenance article is before you start consuming less calories. Ordinarily, this is on the grounds that the eating routine is as of now organized and you have the establishment spread out. This gives you a superior chance to portray what you can eat and what you can't. It additionally tells you what your targets are.</p><p></ p><p>Health Insurance: This is probably the most effortless point to compose. You can utilize it to become familiar with your wellbeing plan and how it functions for you.</p>

Top Guide of Research Papers on Grayware

<h1> Top Guide of Research Papers on Grayware </h1> <p>Without respect to the character of your exploration, in case you're composing a paper a framework can push you to arrange your considerations, yet moreover go about as the format for your entire paper. At the point when you send us your request through the landing page, you're naturally mentioned to give us the top to bottom rules on what sort of scholarly paper ought to be cultivated, what research ought to be run, and which necessities should be satisfied. Doubtlessly, in your exploration paper you should utilize some bizarre terms or references which are not comfortable to the general crowd. Abstain from refering to various creators inside this segment. </p> <p>Our PCs and web subject recommendations can be used to make special proposals for your own examination papers. MeowEssay composing administration empowers you to achieve top results and acclaims from your educator. On the off chance that you get inquire about papers from us, it ordinarily implies that you're utilizing demonstrated administrations inside this line of business. Any business that needs to duplicate records of any sort progressing, or in people groups' homes, will secure fabulous advantages.</p> <p>As a consequence of their huge information in their different fields, our scholars make the entire strategy of research paper composing a completely straightforward endeavor. The utilization of astute words will surely dazzle the peruser by methods for your inventiveness, insight, and cozy comprehension of the examination paper subject. On the off chance that you need to point at a detail that ought to be adjusted (for example an acquaintance that needs with be modified or an article that must be transformed) you can generally depend on our scholars' assistance. When you own a sentiment of the foremost players, you can start to do look through dependent on creator name and watchwords or themes. </p> <p>The term altmetrics depicts the custom of rating papers using elective measurements, for example, specifies via web-based networking media organizing sites, instead of, for example, references in various diaries. Following are a couple of the exhorted human science paper subject for those understudies that can't choose an extraordinary theme for their task. For example, you might be approached to form an exposition on a piece of Hamlet in your English class. Regardless of whichever one which you choose to utilize, you must be predictable all through your exposition. </p> <h2>Vital Pieces of Research Papers on Grayware </h2> <p>Even assuming it's close, you shouldn't worry about that. Papers that aren't enlisted on time will be dismissed. Else, you can gauge it yourself. At first, you genuinely feel overpowered. </p> <p>When searching for punctured duplicate paper it's significant that you get paper that is certain to go through a copier or laser printer since you don't have to adapt to paper jams. Others lean toward utilizing staples. Pieces of paper should be stapled at the upper left-hand corner. Plain white vellum is no doubt the most conspicuous by most of crafters. </p> <p>Since the beginning of 2015, a sizable piece of malware uses a blend of a few procedures created to forestall recognition and investigation. Malware Terminologies Before we move onto the noteworthy subtleties, here is a quick gander at some of the basic terms and shortened forms which you will see while examining malware. As you can picture, the historical backdrop of malware goes a significant separation. With the amount of malware as of now being disseminated, some extent of PCs are thought to be contaminated. </p> <p>Indeed, a research project administration is much the same as its journalists, which implies you need to find a top notch support. It's conceivable to buy research papers and feel the favorable circumstances that are given underneath. Humanism articles deal with the investigation of human social conduct in a general public, accordingly, it is very fascinating for the understudies who need to find out about human mind yet exhausting for individuals who don't care for contemplating their species. It's not exactly as simple as composing a paper about your mid year excursion, your relatives, or the past gathering you've been to, as you don't have to do research to make sense of about your own understanding. </p> <p>The utilization of PCs can have valuable side effects on understudies, however could likewise diminish the nature of their work. Moreover, Apple clients ought to be care and should be aware of normal dangers, and the best approach to keep them. The data accessible because of the internet and PCs is likewise the significant explanation that understudies are in a situation to learn progressively confused ideas. Suppose a ton of the understudies aren't proficient authors. </p>

A Pragmatic and Visionary Design Process - Free Essay Example

Point/South City: A Pragmatic and Visionary Design Process Introduction Object of Study As a reaction to what they believed was uncontrolled and undirected expansion of the built environment in the Netherlands, OMA undertook an investigation entitled Point/South City that provoked a rethink of trends in urban formation and planning. It proposed new ways of tackling problems and relationships associated with the city, landscape and sprawl.   OMA, the Rotterdam based architecture firm of Rem Koolhaas, approached the subject in a functional, pragmatic manner now often associated with Dutch architects and urban planners. Based on thorough research and analysis, a catalogue of possibility was set out, which displayed innovative and at times extreme outcomes. The intention of the study was boldly set out and enhanced by its cogent presentation of simple provocative diagrams and comparative investigations. History and context were largely rejected and the process, unlike many urban and architectural projects, did not rely upon an external philosophy or theory. The built environment in the Netherlands is, in a broad sense, highly controlled, OMA therefore question why this erosive expansion is able to take place and how it can be countered. But, is the project meant to be taken literally as an effective solution to these problems? Or as a persuasive argument aimed at people to reconsider their preconceptions? Point/South City can be seen as a rhetorical approach, which does what is does for effect, rather than to come to a final outcome or solution to a problem. It shifts peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s thoughts to observe the topic from a different stance than that which they are used to. It does not provide an answer, or even a design, in the strictest sense of the word. The aim is to make people question what is happening around them. Is Dutch planning policy shaping the future? Is the country full? Can suburban development be sustained? What is the relationship between urbanism and landscape? Aim Their success as provocative tools is heavily indebted to their visual strength, which conveys the thought process, as well as their outcome, or what may be called the design solution. Leach states that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Representation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the realm of aesthetics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" has become the repressed discourse in Koolhaass works, whether books or buildings.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[1] Koolhaas would rather draw attention to the process of his designs rather than their visual quality, but they are so strongly linked that it would be impossible to consider one and not the other. Representation in the project is not only linked with the practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design process but also the strategic and political aims of the study. Central to this essay is an analysis of the process by which Point/South City was created and how OMA represented their findings, as this had a significant impact on their success. Particular focus will be put on how and why the visionary and the pra gmatic may be combined in creative and to an extent irrational ways. Writers such as Lootsma have written about the significance of Point/South City in the role it played in the criticism of planning policy at the time.[2] However, thorough analysis of how and why this project was able to do this and what changes, if any, it made to current urban expansion, has not been investigated. The study is often referenced but seldom interpreted. In reviews of Koolhaass work, the project is mentioned briefly in relation to other more well known works, such as Delirious New York and Generic City. Since it has not been analysed in context, this essay attempts to place the project in relation to what came before and after. Although, as previously stated, the project largely rejects the past and context, an analysis of these topics is needed to understand why they took this approach. Were similar studies made or has this method of working been used before? How do they relate to important Dutch urban studies of the 20th century? As OMAs main aim was to change peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s views and provoke action; it is also necessary to find out whether this has happened. Academics such as Saunders in reference to Point/South City in particular, but also commenting on experimental architectural initiatives in the Netherlands in general, states that these plans often à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“function as prototypes for later developmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“consequently, realized plans are often almost as extreme and exciting as their prototypes.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[3] Is this the case with Point/South City? STRUCTURE This essay is split into three parts. The first aims to find out why this project stands out in relation to urban design in the Netherlands and what had happened in the past for OMA to take such a radical stance. Is there a history of similar visionary projects taking place and have they had a significant influence? Did they use provocative techniques that may have influenced OMA? The planning of the Randstad and proposals for it are also outlined as this had a direct affect on Point/South City. The next section is a detailed analysis of Point/South City itself. A concentrated investigation is made into the representation and manipulation of data and diagrams, and how this process relates to the effectiveness and eccentricity of the project. The final section analyses the affect of the project on what came after it. Have recent investigations that tackled the same topics like the Randstad, density and the city in the Netherlands, been influenced by OMA? Do they use similar techniques in their design process and representation? Also, has the project changed planning policy? Urban Design in the Netherlands Visionary Proposals The Dutch landscape is viewed and treated as a malleable entity. This can be attributed to the massive construction projects that have shaped the country in the last century. Extensive land reclamation, the Delta Works and the formation and partial drainage of the Ijselmeer have made the way that the Dutch view their landscape very different from the rest of the world. Has this led those involved in urban design to think of more visionary and audacious schemes? To gain an understanding of what may have influenced Point/South City and in particular its process of design, it is useful to look at visionary urban developments that were proposed in the Netherlands. Constant Nieuwenhuys was a Dutch artist who between 1956 and 1974 developed concepts, models and drawings for a visionary architectural project called New Babylon. The provocative study envisaged a series of linked transformable structures, some of which were the size of a small city, perched above ground. Its inhabitants would lead a nomadic life of creative play while the bourgeois would be left in the metropolis below. This contentious model is still relevant today: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In the encounter of aesthetics and politics, it figures as a model for the exploration of the current cultural landscape, which is marked by a decline in the capacity to imagine the world differently.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[4] Its liberating influence was inspirational to architects including Koolhaas. Urbanism in the Netherlands during the post-war years offered something unique, Nooteboom states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The opportunity of building completely new cities arises in few countries, but here, that which every architect of the twentieth century dreamed of, existed as a real possibility, in the new polders.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[5] J.H van den Broek and J.B. Bakema were offered such an opportunity in 1965 with Pampus City, a new development on reclaimed land in the Ijmeer to the East of Amsterdam. Their scheme proposed a radical alternative to urban and regional planning, breaking though the traditional separation of city and landscape. In contrast to the traditional ring-like expansion of Amsterdam, Pampus City would be a linear extension of high density high rise blocks that would emphasise the contrast between polder landscape and the city by interweaving solid and void. Although it was a considerable shift away from the traditional, it was well received, however ultimately unrealised in their generation. Nearly 45 years later this vision became reality. The master plan by Palmboom van den Bout presented in 1995 was largely based on the original scheme and is currently in the first stage of construction. Would the new plan have been accepted if the visionary Pampus City proposal had not existed? Nooteboom describes a backlash to this type of project in the 1970s: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A reaction to this wasteland-building came from people like Herzberger, Piet Blom, Theo Bosch, Aldo van Eyck; they put the emphasis on the small scale; the human dimension, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" literally à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" on individuality. Their publications reveal a profound belief in the creativity of man.The philosophy is turned inward and no longer encompasses the whole world or even the whole city à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" no more dream towns are designed, the architectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ thinking always remains close to the people, lingers on their door-steps, wanders through their houses, ponders over the relationship between indoors and outdoors, turns away from the big manipulated ugliness.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[6] Koolhaas, on the other hand, felt that this was a time when the large scale was most important: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“in the 70s and 80s, while the world was in the process of enlarging, architecture was subdividing; there was a self-marginalization, a fanatical attention to detail, even a language that was splintering. Bigness already existed, as the outcome of inventions such as steel and air-conditioning, but engineering was still being considered a mere afterthought and not a necessary complement to architecture. And in fact there seemed to be absolutely no conceivable connection between architecture and the driving forces in society. So the reason to consider Bigness was to find a way to align architecture with the bigness of the new climate.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[7] There is a history of studies in the Netherlands that have dealt with urban issues on a large scale. For example (fig1) shows an installation for the Dutch pavilion at the World Fair in Osaka 1970. The map by Wim Crouwel represents the urban planning scheme of the Netherlands, comparing the situation in 1970 with the one expected in the year 2000. Although this scheme did not propose any changes, it is representative of a design culture that is constantly looking to the future. The Randstad It is necessary to gain an understanding of the Randstad in particular the concept of the Green Heart as it is one of the main notions that is challenged by OMAs study. It would be impossible to speak of urbanism in the Netherlands without reference to the Randstad. That the built environment in the Netherlands is often referred to as The Randstad and the rest illustrates its importance[9] Although there are doubts as to whether this was the first time it was noted, this romanticised image is what brought it to the attention of the nation, and is most likely also a factor in the notionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s longevity. It is surprising to think that an idea founded on a visual interpretation has informed urban growth for 50 years. The cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague had, through no premeditated aim, formed an arbitrary ring-like pattern that was then manipulated and adopted as planning policy. Because the urban environment was taking this shape naturally, future developments would follow this framework, therefore construction was directed outward and the green centre of the ring protected. The strength and endurance of the notion is founded upon its clarity and ease of understanding. Many have, however deemed it to be dominated by a debilitating aesthetic vision to order the appearance of the city and the man-made landscape. There were undoubtedly many things about the traditional model of the Randstad that made it a logical plan to follow, but it is likely that the strong image of the idea meant it went unchallenged longer than it should have done. As Dieleman stated in his analysis of the Randstad in 1992, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“For a long time, Dutch politicians and scientists unanimously lau ded the benefits of this form of urban development. Only recently have scientific analysts questioned the concept and the direction in which the Randstad is headed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? [10] Before WWII planners had already become concerned with overcrowding in the west of the Netherlands. This concern however, did not prompt a solution through increased density. Instead an anti-urban approach was taken which suggested that; a Dutch city should not have more than a million inhabitants, that open spaces in or near built up areas had to be preserved and that migration from the rest of the country to the Randstad should be limited.[12] This was a response to the belief that the Randstad was full and that the rest of the country was empty.   Chief planning consultant for the Commission for the Western Netherlands, J.P.Thijsse illustrated growing concerns with intense suburban development and higher than expected population growth, with his doom scenario that depicted swathes of development infiltrating the green heart. This diagram was crucial in a heated debate that occurred within the Commission for the Western Netherlands in the 1950s. At the time there were a number of dissenters, among them representatives of the representatives of the Ministry of Transport and Waterways, who stated that the preservation of a Green Heart ran against economic logic. They also suggested that the growing dominance of green agriculture in the region, which was responsible for over-production, substantial pollution and greenhouses that blighted the landscape, were not worth being protected. Thijsses diagram swayed the rest of the Commission against the dissenters that wanted change.[13] As a result the concept of the Randstad has persist ed and the Green Heart has pursued largely unchallenged until the present day. This shows the power of the visual representation of a vision of the future upon planning policy. The problem of sprawl was largely ignored until 1966 when the Second Report on Physical Planning in the Netherlands was published, which was the first planning document that came close to being a national plan. It put forward policies for accommodating a population of 20 million in the year 2000, while taking a negative view of suburban sprawl which became synonymous with the policy of keeping the Green Heart open. To achieve this, the concentrated deconcentrated (fig 1) policy was put forward as a solution. This strategy allowed people to live in a suburban development, but these developments were concentrated within designated overspill areas. These expansions would rely upon neighbouring cities, thus creating a city region. This coincided with the restructuring of the planning system from being centrally governed to decentralized in the new Physical Planning Act of 1965. This had a pronounced effect on the effectiveness of control, as Musterd points out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Since then, national and provincial plans are merely indicative and not binding, as they used to be. The plans allow for few reserve powers for higher authorities to ensure that wider concerns are observed by lower levels of government.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[15] Therefore the powerful notion of the Randstad became, in many ways, a hindrance.   The late 1970s was a period of stagnation in Dutch architecture. As a way of reversing this trend supportive infrastructure was set up by cultural institutions. Among initiatives such as The Netherlands Architecture Institute and the Netherlands Architecture Fund to reinvigorate the profession, the Rotterdam Arts Council initiated the international design event Architecture International Rotterdam (AIR) in 1982, which aimed to confront the isolated nature of the profession in the Netherlands through a discourse with acclaimed architects and critics from abroad[17] Point/South City à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Holland is nothing but a burned-out skeleton of a culture that was once ambitious, critical, and devoted to a kind of modernism.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[18] Criticism of the current situation Point/South City was part of AIR 1993 which focused on Rotterdams postwar urban development, the urban periphery and their development in the urban landscape, in particular the north eastern area called Alexanderpolder. Alle de Jogne, the director of this manifestation of AIR, states their aim was to investigate, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the relation between suburbia and the traditional city, both from functional and cultural perspectives. This was set against a background of increasing individuality, heterogeneity and fragmentation of society on one hand, and economic globalization and technological expansion on the other.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[19] OMA moved beyond Alexanderpolder and Rotterdam to consider the limitations of the current process of urban expansion affecting the Randstad and in effect the whole of the country. In the foreword to their visual studies, OMA comment on what they feel is the irony of the treatment of the Dutch landscape, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the (one) country that more than any other fabricated itself, now treats its territory as if it has the authenticity and inevitability of natureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.[20] They state their dismay at the almost indoctrinated, unconscious acceptance of Dutch planners that envision the Randstad as an organic, outward expanding city that encircles an empty green centre. They challenge the fact that this ideal has never been scrutinised, analysed or adjusted. Is there a functional reason for the cities to develop like this? OMA convey their apathy towards this weak approach:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Through this lack of conceptual explicitness, political decisions are not placed in the context of a particular vision or ambition but are seemingly degenerating in an endless series of pragmatic adjustments that cumulatively have eroded whatever contents of clarity there was in the formula empty heart full periphery.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? [21] This erosion has meant that the Randstad cities on the periphery are spilling into the open heart and spoiling the contrast between urban and open, with low density architecture. Sprawl is damaging the relationship between city and landscape by blurring the contrast of its surroundings by blending the unique qualities and identity of different parts into a generic mass. The quality of variation between open and closed space has become diluted by horizontal expansion. The reduction in density and dilution of the complex spatial interaction has meant that a vital element to the success and character of cities has been lost. OMA suggest that this trend should be reversed by increasing density to achieve, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“truly urban conditionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[22] Their short manifesto puts emphasis on the loss of difference that has been created by the dispersed built environment that is porous to the natural landscape. The complex vibrancy of the city has degraded towards blandness. They in tend to challenge the governments persistence to continue implementing the policies of the past. They believe that re-enhancing these contrasts and strengthening their control through an innovative set of planning principles would have a significant impact, not only on the existing spatial landscapes, but also on the social and political ones. OMAs Aim OMAs response to the failings and lack of innovation at the highest scale of national planning are two proposals for the entire country. Both are extreme interpretations far removed from convention. They state that the investigations are, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“models that have as their cardinal virtue the fact that they abandon the systematic denial of reality which gives the entire official thinking such a problematic and ineffective aura, and that they reintroduce explicit ideological choices.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[23] One of the main aims of the investigation was to initiate a debate on urban expansion at a national scale. Their provocative studies were an attempt to; get people to question urban development rather than to let it happen as if it was an uncontrolled certainty, to provoke professionals involved in the built environment to imagine their work in the context of a larger scheme and to inspire the general public to think of their effect as a collective force. Point City, the first proposal, discovers a new potential from the existing condition of the Randstad by creating a city within it, while the rest of the country would be given a restrictive policy that is devoted to nature, leisure, history and tourism. South City is an even more extreme option that does not have the sentimental value of Point City, as it involves the destruction of the Randstad cities. All future planning would be directed to the lower half of the Netherlands under Alexanderpolder, therefore positioning it closer to the most active zone of Europe. As a result of this, South City has the capacity to provide for a larger population but would have a greater impact on the landscape. The advantages of both these schemes is that a concentrated environment would have: efficient infrastructural networks, dense, truly urban conditions, highly developed planning and a concentrated power of decision instead of an opaque system of decentralization. The proposals reject what Du tch planning policy has advocated for over 50 years. Point and South City are tested with varying extremes of density using the real examples of Los Angeles and Manhattan. As well as being generally well known, these precedents are the focus of important works in architectural discourse, Reyner Banhams à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1971) and Koolhaass à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Delirious New Yorkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1978) and were therefore known well to many involved in the AIR design event. The density of Los Angeles is used to construct a dystopian scenario which shows the affects of a highly dispersed urban environment on the Netherlands, either using up much of the land or displacing part of the population. Alexanderpolder represents the density of typical expansion of the built environment in the Netherlands. OMA also state that the role of the Alexanderpolder region in the project is to act as a ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? zoom which allows us to imagine a totally unrecognisable new Dutch realityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Alex anderpolder is at the centre of both visions and therefore is seen as the birthplace of the new city which can act as a testing ground of its potential. Manhattan represents an ideal high density urbanism. Visual Analysis It is ironic that what follows is an analysis of the design process of the project in words, as its strength comes from not having to be explained like this, but to find out how the diagrams are effective, this is necessary. The diagrammatic sequence follows a narrative logic. It begins with information input: a simple line drawing of the country, existing population data, land use statistics and three density precedents. These informative diagrams feed into the following stage, the Point/South City design process, which combines these inputs by reorganizing and redistributing space and density. The final part is a comparative review of all the parts of the investigation. The first diagram of the input stage is a map of the Netherlands in which the main land uses have been redistributed. This type of diagram would usually be the second step in a process, the first being the display of the current land use distribution. This irregular approach sends out a clear message that the current layout of the Netherlands has little relevance. The programme of the country; the percentage allocated to agriculture, nature, infrastructure and the built environment has been redistributed horizontally across the map. This creates an understanding of the percentages as the data is put into a context that is spatially understood by the viewer. This image is also the first iteration of South City. Also part of this introductory section is a graph that shows the changes in population dispersal at intervals of 20 years in the Netherlands between 1900 and 1990. This is the only definitive time scale used in the whole project and the only direct reference to the past. This highlights one of the main concerns that OMA has; that the population of the Randstad has been gradually migrating from its biggest cities to the rest of the country. A comparative study of Los Angeles, Alexanderpolder and Manhattan, displaying their required size to accommodate the current Dutch population, is also conducted at this stage. At Los Angeles density the current built environment of the Netherlands would have to be extended by 2850km2 and for Alexanderpolder and Manhattan it could be reduced by 1275km2 and 2550km2 respectively. At this stage the densities are given abstract representations to be used in the following diagrams. This first section provides all the elements which are needed for the cre ation of Point/South City. The main diagram of Point City shows how the 15 million inhabitants of the Netherlands would be accommodated within a circle in the middle of the existing Randstad. With a diameter of 43.6km the density of the city would be 10054 people per km2. Under this is a series of diagrams showing the process by which the rest of the country would gradually become void as people relocate to the new city. There is no definite time span, which indicates that this process is flexible and could therefore happen at any time and at any rate. The following six diagrams are split into two columns and are the most successful as provocative gestures. The left column shows the diameter required to accommodate the current population at the precedent densities. The right column shows the densities at the desired 43.6km and indicates the affect this would have on population. Only 3.73 million people could inhabit Point City at Los Angeles density; this figure increases to 37.3 million at Manhattan density. The main diagram of South City is a map of the Netherlands that shows the built environment filling up from the south to Alexanderpolder, roughly in the middle of the Netherlands. For this area to accommodate the Dutch population there would be 1290 people per km2, making it less dense than Los Angeles. However, as indicated in the last image in this section, at Manhattan density this same area could accommodate 290 million people. The rest of the diagrams follow the same process as that of Point City, with a phasing indication and the two columns of density studies. The final section of the project is a review of the most important findings to come out of the investigation. The Los Angeles, Alexanderpolder and Manhattan densities for Point and South City are collated on one map as line drawings. This allows for a clear comparison of the spatial impact of each. Also featured is a more detailed phasing strategy that shows the plan of Alexanderpolder becoming a city, which is represented by the urban pattern merging into a more solid form, or becoming void which is represented by the urban pattern decaying. Both studies present Manhattan as the best urban model for the Netherlands. The high density of the grid plan in Manhattan represents timeless and flexible urbanism that can create a basis for planning which matches the speed, flexibility and adaptability of a modern nation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Through graphs, diagrams and other forms of statistical analysis, they explore the factors that inform and influence society today. Their emphasis is on the processes that lie beneath the surface level manifestations. Although the primary concern is an attempt to understand process they nonetheless subscribe to an unacknowledged discourse of representation. They are not just diagrams and graphs. They are exquisitely designed diagrams and graphs.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? [24] Diagrammatic clarity Those who attended the Alexandpolder conference were a combination of professional and non-professional, local and foreign delegates. Therefore the design had to have a global understanding. Even if the short written outline was not read, the project had to be understood. Reading of the Point/South City diagrams is more or less instantaneous; there is an immediate apprehension of the general idea that is presented. This is largely because the diagrams are kept simple with only three variables used in the entire study: time, land use organization and density. The simplicity of the proposal makes it easy to interpret. What may be lost through lack of detail is countered by the speed by which the scheme is understood. The map of the Netherlands, combined with the spatial ordering and abstraction of density, allows for the creation of one simple, succinct diagram that displays the idea, as well as demanding attention. Point/South Cityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s simplicity contradicts the complex ities inherent in the topics it deals with. OMA uses the diagrams to question what most merely accept. Does there need to be a step back from these complexities, so that problems can be viewed in a wider context? Do we get caught up with the intricacy of detail? Does there need to be a clear vision and structure to adhere to? As important as the solutions that OMA provide, is the inclusion of diagrams that display the working that has gone into developing them. What would the study demonstrate if only the final outcome was shown? The inclusion of these diagrams that show multiple effects and scenarios provide depth and rigour to the conclusions, while also making the study more transparent. This adds to the persuasive element of the process as it highlights the investigative research. It also emphasises that this is an honest method that does not aim to hide its constraints or deceive. The diagrams move from a European to a national and eventually to an urban analysis of a kilometre square, but the national scale features most prominently. Koolhaas asserts that the power of the large scale lies in the, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“artificiality and the fragmentation it produces, and how, in a way, the very bigness turns into an antidote against fragmentation. Each of those entities acquires the pretension and sometimes the reality of a completely enveloping reality, and an absolute autonomy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[26] The investigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clarity is also enhanced by following a logical progression; from a study of land use in the Netherlands, to precedent density comparison, and the two applications. Taken as one entity the project functions as a cogent piece of graphical design that strengthens its case as a proposal for the future and a protest of undirected urban expansion. Abstraction The abstract nature of the project makes it open to different interpretation. Although the investigations are a criticism of the bureaucracy inherent in urban development which manifests itself in poorly conceived and unregulated regulation, Point/South City does not provide a concrete solution or definitive outcome to be adhered to. This point may be dismissed by stating that the ideas within this investigation are, unattainable and not realistic, and therefore do not require such guidelines. But this approach can also be viewed as a flexible strategy to deal with the indeterminate field of contemporary urbanisation. Therefore the investigations can also be interpreted as an alternative to highly regulated urban development that instead advocates an open ended approach. This method is promoted by Dieleman who suggests: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Dynamism, flexibility, and the capacity to adapt, on the other hand, and stable basic qualities on the other, will be the key to optimal development o pportunities for an urbanized centre such as the Randstad.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[27] Even though Manhattan is used as an example, its black representation in the diagrams, could resemble any urban formation that would provide this level of density. Point and South City would most likely become what Koolhaas describes as a Generic City. Koolhaas elaborates on his criticism of current urbanisation with this statement: People can inhabit anything. And they can be miserable in anything and ecstatic in anything. More and more I think that architecture has nothing to do with it. Of course, thats both liberating and alarming. But the generic city, the general urban condition, is happening everywhere, and just the fact that it occurs in such enormous quantities must mean that its habitable. Architecture cant do anything that the culture doesnt. We all complain that we are confronted by urban environments that are completely similar. We say we want to create beauty, identity, quality, singularity. And yet, maybe in truth these cities that we have are desired. Maybe their very characterlessness provides the best context for living.[28] This declaration goes some way to explaining why the architectural quality of this black matt urbanism is not elaborated upon. OMA know that they can have almost no control over what would happen in the city. In this study the character of the city is not important; its only requirement is to provide density. Lack of context provides another level of abstraction, it removes any thought of the past and focuses on the future. All the statistical analysis explores the factors that informed and influenced society at that moment in time, what had come before was not important. Apart from the outline of the country, the analysis of land use, and the zoomed square of urban analysis of Alexanderpolder, context is largely ignored. The diagrams are devoid of the demarcation of cities or historical development. By treating the country as a collective no particular area is given importance over another. Alexanderpolder, a small suburban development on the edge of Rotterdam is anonymous, most Dutch people will have little knowledge or affinity with the area, it has limited contextual quality. The project represents only the surface of what would be a highly complex system; an avoidance of delving into too much detail. Strategies needed for the successful implementation of Point/South City such as infr astructure are missing. The general shift in their vision of the future urban expansion is the most important aspect to get across. An elaborate highly detailed study would detract from this aim. Even though it has been suggested that the Point/South City studies do not provide a vision that could be implemented; it could be argued that they do. There are similarities between it and the study of London entitled Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture created in 1972 for a competition on The City as a Significant Environment.[30] It is likely that OMA would have the same opinion towards Point/South City. Is the Alexanderpolder project optimistic? In reference to Koolhaass work in general, Leach notes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To convert optimism into danger and to make that danger speak; this set of operations arguably has always been the core of Rem Koolhaass architectural program, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[31] Point/South City partly shows a doom scenario like Thijes diagram, that of the Los Angeles density inflicted upon the Dutch landscape, while offering a more optimistic view with the Manhattan density. There are no romanticized images of these future visions, like those of Pampus City or even for that matter, negatives ones. It shows what it needs to show without really conveying an opinion, an experiment without a conclusion. It is up to the viewer to decide. Counteractive Process There are some errors with some of the labelling of diagrams and mixing up of some of the typologies. This is probably due to time constraints and has negligible affect on the main aims of the project. But there are some bigger problems with a design process that relies so much on abstract representation and the way the viewer interprets this information. The main negative point with Point/South City is ironically the over reliance on the image and the power of it. In reference to OMAs work in general, Leach states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What is at risk in this process of aestheticization is that political and social content may be subsumed, absorbed and denied. The seduction of the image works against any underlying sense of social commitmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[32] This theory can be applied to Point/South City.   Reality has become so abstracted, and the statistics so specifically selected and manipulated, that it has become an escapist version of the Netherlands that has been tuned to convey only the aspects OMA want to show. The diagrams are at such a large scale and high level of abstraction that problematic realities may lie dormant. On the other hand, these simplifications although hiding some of the fundamental issues at stake, offer a form of connectivity that allow people to relate to their environment. If the images are taken at a more literal level as a real solution to the problems in the Netherlands, it could be argued that OMAs seductive images detract from what they are actually showing. Viewers could be deceived by the images and not by what they entail. This raises the question of why has the project never been elaborated upon in later works. Is it reasonable to present these images without taking them further? Has it not been taken further because there is a weakness in the idea? What are the technicalities? Why havent the conditions that were redistributed at the start, such as agriculture and infrastructure not been reintroduced? This would diminish the clarity of the work. But it could have been shown in a study at the end. OMA are articulating that they do not think the current situation is right, but are not providing a clearer solution. They have gained our attention but not taken it any further and are too optimistic in their view that people would accept a density l ike that of Manhattan. What about all the negative impact that this would have? The viewer is persuaded and intrigued by the statistics, but what is the reality of this being adopted in the Netherlands? The people at OMA may think that this metropolitan ideal is the way to live, but many would disagree. Although it was earlier argued that some of the questions that Koolhaas has previously raised, like those brought up in his discussion of the Generic City, a critique of the placelessness of the contemporary cityscape, where each city is virtually indistinguishable from the next, have been avoided. Koolhaas himself acknowledges that there is a discrepancy between his writings and his practice of architecture, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There is an enormous, deliberate, and I think healthy discrepancy between what I write and what I do.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Would people accept having one generic city as a country? Why would people rather live in this city than in suburbia? These are obviously questions that are impossible to answer in the time that OMA would have allocated to this study. But subsequent work has not tackled these issues either. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The officials and authorities in the Netherlands need to show a bit of courage, and start to think and act on a larger scale. We have to leave our parochial outlook behindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[33] Influence on Planning Policy and Similar Projects Planning Policy In 2008 the Randstad had a population of seven million; 45% of the total population on 26% of the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s land area. Estimates on the development of the Randstad indicate that a significant demand for housing still needs to be met; a standard rate of 15% of the current housing supply which could increase to 30% if rapid growth is to occur.[34] These figures indicate that the general concerns about space shortages and urban sprawl still remain high, like they were in 1993. Is the government now approaching this problem with a more regulated and realistic plan that would stifle these concerns? In the report entitled Randstad 2040, the Dutch government states that it currently places greater emphasis on cities and the concentration of urbanisation in the cities in the Randstad vision and that they are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“concerned about rampant à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"urban clutterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and the loss of green and open space.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[35] By adopting an approach of concentration and consolidation the government hopes to dispense with the need to identify new expansion locations. But they do declare that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“should the future housing demand significantly exceed current estimates, new expansion locations will be developed in the following sequence: -   within existing built areas; -   adjacent to the cities in the northern and southern Randstad at relatively elevated locations that are situated favourably relative to infrastructure; -   locations further afield.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[36] They also admit that housing demand will have to be met in less dense environments to comply with the various wishes of citizens and to be internationally competitive, which would therefore result in further sprawl. The Randstad 2040 policy also states that high-rise building in the cities must link in with densely populated urban locations, with due regard to cultural history and the perception of city and country from the viewpoint of surrounding, valuable landscapes. This means, for example, that high-rise building is inappropriate in national landscapes. As a result of this the true urban condition that OMA aim for is unattainable. Even though the ideology of the Green Heart as been dampened, there are still metaphorical images used to strengthen their argument: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The coast, IJsselmeer and the south western Delta are developing within this delta as the Randstadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s front garden, with the Green Heart as the back gardenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[37] It seems that OMA s example of a meaningful and visionary policy that would deal with the problems head on is still far from being adopted. Recent measures to restructure formal government sectors have resulted in a reduction in the number of bodies and the creation of regional authorities: small municipalities have been merged, and the water management boards have followed suit so that only four major water boards now exist in the Randstad area.   All other attempts at restructuring the government, such as creating city-provinces by cutting urban regions from the realm of their provinces, or the 2006 attempt by a prestigious state committee to create one Randstad province have so far failed.[38] Spatial issues are also becoming more complex; developments are increasingly expanding across municipal and provincial borders. It would be ignorant to suggest that the partial centralization of the planning process in the Randstad is solely attributed to the influence of Point/South City, but it is reasonable to say that it may have provoked people to initiate this process. Nonetheless, a national planning system that OMA advocated is far from becoming reality. The illustrations used in Randstad 2040 are visually clear and striking but unlike Point/South City are not reinforced by research or relevant data and are therefore bereft of substance, much like the governments policy on urban expansion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In this nationwide city, the roads would become à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"city streetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and thereby take on an entirely different character. Areas of natural landscape would become à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"city parksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. There would be several water districts and a power-generating zone, as well as a couple of neighborhood committees. In short, you would have NL-CITY.[39] NL City The Dutch architecture and urban design practice MVRDV produced NL City in 2004 as part of the publication KM3: Excursions on Capacities. This was a follow-up to the publication of FARMAX, which sought to question and analyse the growing suburban greyness of the Netherlands and to propose new ways of thinking about the homogenization of landscape. KM3 extends this idea to a three-dimensional model, one that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“generates space instead of consuming ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[40] and encourages variety in form. It adopts a similar approach to Point/South City by using a similar methodology and elaborating on many of the ideas it put forward. It is an extension of the proposition put forward by OMA and heavily influenced by it. NL City however, does not disregard context, it is reactionary to the present. The proactive design attempts to counter the culture of pessimism and protectionism that has blighted urbanism, and the disorganised complexity of planning procedure that have forced Dutch cities to compete with each other for resources and populations. MVRDV make the same claim as OMA; Holland is a sprawling string of relatively low density cities with no urban core. NL City will re-organize the Netherlands so that it is no longer a single autonomous nation with independently operating cities, but a single entity that works towards a common goal. Like Point/South City, NL CITY wants to distinctly change the way planning is handled. With 16 million inhabitants, it is the most populated, least dense city in the world. In fact, only 15% of the land is developed.[41] In contrast to Point/South City, NL City is more detailed and finalised. OMAs project posed questions; MVRDV provides answers. Although centrally controlled the city is split up into separate zones that are specialisms derived from existing trends and urban necessities. Possibilities include an area dedicated to agriculture, an offshore energy zone and a distribution zone. There are no density or urban form experiments, the urban environment will be based in Brabant. NL City simplifies the current conditions of the Netherlands, making planning issues much more transparent. CONCLUSION By analysing the process by which Point/South City was created and how OMA represented their findings, the aim of this investigation was to understand how this technique was developed and the advantages of its use. The highly innovative process had no obvious precedent. Therefore research was conducted into previous projects that displayed similar characteristics. It can be concluded that the projects of Constant Nieuwenhuys, J.H van den Broek and J.B. Bakema that were based on a visionary and idiosyncratic approach, created a dynamic and diverse environment that promoted completely new ideas and shifts away from the ordinary. OMA began by ascertaining the gaps in urban planning. In their opinion, the size of the task called for a large-scale urban planning approach. They felt that landscape was being employed to legitimise the continued uncontrolled urbanisation of open space and that the development of the Randstad and the green heart was turning into more and more of a sell-out of a formerly carefully planned and administered area. As an alternative, Point/South City advocated a firm policy to support the development of genuine, dense cities and the preservation of open space. By showing the spatial consequences in the constructed landscape of transformations in urban density, a number of questioning scenarios are instigated by the city to consider the implications for the urban environment. Point/South City is above all a didactic tool that is a light hearted and serious study, an educational aid and a political instrument. It plays an active role by confronting viewers with social and environmental ri sks and their possible solutions in the form of future scenarios. It would be unfair to take a completely critical view of the government and developers, as the support they provide to national institutions that often create events that promote experimental outlooks for the future, is substantial. This type of investigation has no immediate worth or practical application, so is not something an architect would often undertake of their own accord. But, the inspiration and potential functional worth it has in the future is what makes the investigation important. In the Netherlands these events may face extensive criticism, but the framework for this type of debate is in place, which is not the case in many countries. Although the visual representation and convincing pragmatism of Point/South City managed to have a profound influence on design process in the Netherlands, for example that of MVRDV, the effect that OMA would have wanted to have on planning policy has been limited. Instead of a true reinvention of the Netherlands by linking the new design of the country to present and future requirements, there is a danger that in the near future the country will consist of collages of recycled housing developments. In another 10 yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ time will we look back upon these projects with regret that nothing was done when it was still possible? Or is it already too late? Have these plans been left to slumber in mediums that commemorate the seemingly impossible, never to be realized? Or have they acted as a catalyst for change in the profession, perhaps not in a literal sense of following the OMA plans. But the fresh, radical and visually strong approach may be an inspiration for those exa sperated with the regurgitated planning visions for the country, and therefore more investigations of this nature will be carried out, and may even be put into practice. [1]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Leach, Neil. CAMOUFLAGE. In Considering Rem Koolhaas and the Office for Metropolitan Architecture : What Is Oma. Edited by   VÃÆ' ©ronique Patteeuw. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2003. p92 [2]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lootsma, Bart. Synthetic Regionalization: The Dutch Landscape Toward Modernity. In Recovering Landscape : Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture. Edited by James Corner. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999. [3]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Saunders, William S. The New Architectural Pragmatism : A Harvard Design Magazine Reader, Harvard Design Magazine Readers. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007. p256 [4]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Wigley, Mark, Constant, M. Catherine de Zegher, and Drawing Center (New York N.Y.). The Activist Drawing : Retracing Situationist Architectures from Constants New Babylon to Beyond. New York ; London: Drawing Center ; MIT Press, 2001. p11 [5]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Nooteboom, Cees. Unbuilt Netherlands : Visionary Projects by Berlage, Oud, Duiker, Van Den Broek, Van Eyck, Hertzberger and Others. London: Architectural Press, 1985. p86 [6]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Nooteboom, Cees. Unbuilt Netherlands : Visionary Projects by Berlage, Oud, Duiker, Van Den Broek, Van Eyck, Hertzberger and Others. London: Architectural Press, 1985. p88 [7]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Heron, Katrina. From Bauhaus to Koolhaas. Wired, July 1996, p37 [8]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p17 [9]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p3 [10]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p3 [11]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p20 [12]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p21 [13]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p27 [14]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p25 [15]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p17 [16]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Lootsma, Bart. Superdutch : New Architecture in the Netherlands. London: Thames Hudson, 2000. p13 [17]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ibid. [18]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Koolhaas, Rem, Sanford Kwinter, and Rice University. School of Architecture. Rem Koolhaas : Conversations with Students. 2nd ed, Architecture at Rice University 30. Houston, Tex. New York: Rice University, Princeton Architectural Press, 1996. p50 [19]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Devolder and Lootsma. In Search of New Urban Forms. In Alexanderpolder: New Urban Frontiers. Edited by Anne-Mie Devolder. Bussum: Thoth, 1993. p7 [20]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Rem Koolhaas. et al. New Urban Frontiers. In Alexanderpolder: New Urban Frontiers. Edited by Anne-Mie Devolder. Bussum: Thoth, 1993. p60 [21]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Rem Koolhaas. et al. New Urban Frontiers. In Alexanderpolder: New Urban Frontiers. Edited by Anne-Mie Devolder. Bussum: Thoth, 1993. p60 [22]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ibid, p61 [23]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Rem Koolhaas. et al. New Urban Frontiers. In Alexanderpolder: New Urban Frontiers. Edited by Anne-Mie Devolder. Bussum: Thoth, 1993. p61 [24]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Leach, Neil. CAMOUFLAGE. In Considering Rem Koolhaas and the Office for Metropolitan Architecture : What Is Oma. Edited by VÃÆ' ©ronique Patteeuw. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2003. p92 [25]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Croquis #53; OMA/Rem Koolhaas; El Croquis Editorial.; Madrid, 1997. p20 [26]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Van den   Burg, Leo. Dutch Morphological Analysis In a European Context. In The European City : Architectural Interventions and Urban Transformations. Edited by Francois Claessens, and Duin, L. van, Eaae Transactions on Architectural Education No.25. Delft, The Netherlands: DUP Science, 2004. p371 [27]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Dieleman, F. M., and Sako Musterd. The Randstad : A Research and Policy Laboratory, Geojournal Library. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. p257 [28]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Heron, Katrina. From Bauhaus to Koolhaas. Wired, July 1996, p36 [29]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Schaik, Marinus Jan Hendrikus van, and Otakar MÃÆ' ¡*cel. Exit Utopia : Architectural Provocations, 1956-76. Munich ; London: Prestel, 2005. p263 [30]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Schaik, Marinus Jan Hendrikus van, and Otakar MÃÆ' ¡*cel. Exit Utopia : Architectural Provocations, 1956-76. Munich ; London: Prestel, 2005. p253 [31]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Koolhaas, Rem, Sanford Kwinter, and Rice University. School of Architecture. Rem Koolhaas : Conversations with Students. 2nd ed, Architecture at Rice University 30. Houston, Tex. New York: Rice University Princeton Architectural Press, 1996. p68 [32]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Leach, Neil. The Anaesthetics of Architecture. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999. p45 [33]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __A member of the public at the Madurodam à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Randstad Sessionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in February 2008. Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. Randstad 2040: Summary of the Structural Vision. p31 [34]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   van der Burg and Vink. Randstad Holland towards 2040 perspectives from national government. 44th ISOCARP Congress 2008. p1 [35]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. Randstad 2040: Summary of the Structural Vision.   p4 [36]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. Randstad 2040: Summary of the Structural Vision.   p50 [37]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. Randstad 2040: Summary of the Structural Vision.   p27 [38]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __van der Burg and Vink. Randstad Holland towards 2040 perspectives from national government. 44th ISOCARP Congress 2008. p2 [39]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __MVRDV (Firm), Winy Maas, and Berlage Instituut. Km3, Excursions on Capacities. Barcelona, Spain: Actar, 2005. p182 [40]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __MVRDV (Firm), Winy Maas, and Berlage Instituut. Km3, Excursions on Capacities. Barcelona, Spain: Actar, 2005. p180 [41]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   __MVRDV (Firm), Winy Maas, and Berlage Instituut. Km3, Excursions on Capacities. Barcelona, Spain: Actar, 2005. p182